Suchergebnisse

Both reformed governance and trade liberalizationreduces poverty while instability of foreign exchange and theinflation rate causes increase in the poverty. In this study, weexamined governance and liberalisation's effect on povertyalleviation by using Time Series data. We applied Auto RegressiveDistributive Lag (ARDL) technique to conclude the empiricalresults. The econometric study revealed a statistically significantand negative effect of governance and trade liberalization onpoverty alleviation. This study will assist the government to makecomprehensive policies for poverty alleviation, especially forPakistan.

Purpose: The paper explores how livestock reveals the warming climatic variations particularly in farming and poultry sub-sectors of agriculture. The rising average temperature of the region has been a challenge during the last two decades which has created many complications and health problems in animals as stress, low reproduction, its consequence as draught, adverse effects on milk and meat production. More consumption of water increases the cost of livestock products. It has altered the temperature of the sea and rivers, emerges the negative effects on the species and creatures of water. Methodology: To conduct the empirical study on this economic issue the data has been assumed from 1980 to 2014 due to constraints of statistics. Auto-Regressive Distributive Lag model to cointegration (ARDL) was applied on the time series data and the other econometric tests as Error Correction Mechanism, Cumulative sum of Recursive Residual CUSUM and CUSUM sum of Square Test, Bound Test and Diagnostic tests were operated to conclude the results of the research study. Main findings: The finding of the study is that CO2emission from electricity, gases fuel consumption, and urban population growth raised the average temperature of the region which is discouraging the livestock. Production and increasing the costs of livestock output. Application of the study: The study is the most appropriate and applicable for this subcontinent especially for Pakistan. Originality and novelty of the study: The research study contributes to the agricultural economics literature with advanced information. It suggests the government utilize the planet Badar-1 climatic information and more advanced technology about temperature to formulate comprehensive policies to combat the climatic and environmental changes and more resources are allocated so that international standard of production of livestock can be achieved.